Peter Paul Rubens

Variant namesauktoriserad namnform: Peter Paul Rubens

DatesBiographical dates: 1577 - 1640 dead: dead 1640 born: born 1577

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BiographyBiography: Peter Paul Rubens was born June 28th 1577 in Siegen, Westphalia as the son of the lawyer Jan Rubens and Maria Pypelinckx. The couple had emigrated to Cologne in 1567 for religious reasons. They stayed in Siegen for a short time but the year after Rubens’ birth they were back in Cologne and around 1588 after the death of his father the family returned to Antwerp. Rubens converted to Catholicism and entered a Latin school, where he studied the classics. He received his training as a painter in the studio of the landscape painter Tobias Verhaecht for six months in 1592 and later until 1596 with the portrait painter Adam van Noort. After working briefly in the workshop of Otto van Veen in 1598 he received the title of Master and became a member of the Antwerp Guild of St. Luke. In May 1600 Rubens went to Italy where he became court painter to the Duke of Mantua, Vincenzo I Gonzaga. In 1603–1604 he was sent on a diplomatic mission to the Spanish Court, where he had the opportunity to admire the many Titians in the collection of Philip III. Rubens served the duke of Mantua for eight years but he also visited other Italian cities such as Milan, Venice, Florence and Genoa. In Genoa he worked for distinguished Genoese families and painted several full-length portraits. He spent lengthy periods working in Rome, where he was able to study classical sculpture and works by Raphael and Michelangelo. Here he also met fellow artists such as Paul Bril and Adam Elsheimer. Rubens’ most important commission during his stay in Italy was the painting for the high altar in the chiesa Nuova (Santa Maria in Valicella). On his return to Antwerp Rubens quickly became the city’s leading painter. In 1609 he became a member of the Antwerp Guild of Romanists and was appointed court painter to the stadthoulder Albert and Isabella in Brussels. In the same year he married Isabella Brant. In 1610 he bought a large house at the Wapper which he remodelled creating a spacious studio, galleries for his art collection and a garden. He received several important commissions from churches, among the most important The Raising of the Cross (1610–1616) for the high altar in the Church of St. Walburga and The Deposition from the Cross (1611–1614) for the Cathedral. He set up a large workshop with many collaborators and assistants who worked from his drawings and oil sketches, among them Anthony van Dyck, who was his assistant c. 1617–1620. Alongside his religious commissions Rubens painted history paintings with mythological motifs and scenes from classical literature. He also made book illustrations, designs for tapestries, models for sculpture and collaborated with engravers in order to multiply his compositions in print. He continuously deepened his knowledge of classical literature and he wrote in Latin, English, French, Italian and Dutch while maintaining extensive correspondence with scholars. In connection with commissions and diplomatic activities Rubens continued to travel abroad, to Paris between 1622 and 1625 where he painted the Medici Cycle, a series of 24 large paintings for the Palais du Luxembourg. He travelled to Madrid and London between 1628 and 1630. In Madrid he took advantage of the opportunity to make copies after Titian’s paintings. In June 1626 Isabella Brant died and in 1630 Rubens remarried the 16-year-old Helena Fourment. In 1635 Rubens acquired the country estate of Het Steen near Mechelen where he spent his last years with his wife and children. He painted a number of landscapes during these years that reflect his great love of nature. In 1634–1635 together with other Antwerp artists he created the festival decorations for the triumphal entry into Antwerp in 1635 of the new governor, the Cardinal Infante Ferdinand of Austria. In 1636 Rubens became court painter to Philip IV in Spain and in the same year he was engaged in the decoration of the Spanish King’s hunting lodge, Torre de la Parada, near Madrid. He also worked for the court of England where he executed the ceiling paintings in the Banqueting Hall in Whitehall, London. He was knighted by Charles I. Rubens died at the end of May 1640 and was buried in the church of St. Jaques in Antwerp.

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